---
title: "电场怎样把氢原子的谱线分开"
description: "Stark 怎样从光的颜色和偏振，看出电场改变了原子的能量？"
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language: "zh-CN"
page_type: "story"
alternate_languages:
  en: "https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/quantum-evidence/stark-effect-electric-field-spectra/"
last_modified: "2026-10-24"
---

[量子物理：读懂证据](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/quantum-evidence/)

诺奖 A · 证据与操控

# 电场怎样把氢原子的谱线分开

Sandbox Physics · 2026-10-15

Stark 怎样从光的颜色和偏振，看出电场改变了原子的能量？

## 磁场之外，再试电场

磁场能改变原子发出的颜色，那么电场呢？1913 年，Johannes Stark 报告，在强电场中，氢原子原来的一条谱线分成了几条。把光分开来看，原子内部极小的能量变化便变成了相邻的亮线。

他还记录了光的偏振，也就是光振动的方向。从垂直于电场的方向观察，各个分量有相对电场确定的偏振。这给了实验更多可辨认的特征：除了看见几个峰，还能逐个比较它们的振动方向。

证据阅读：J. Stark (1913), Observation of the Separation of Spectral Lines by an Electric Field, Nature 92, 401 Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 — official award record

## 光的颜色由两端的能量差决定

原子中的电子只能处在某些能量状态。电子从较高能量状态落到较低能量状态时，把差额交给一个光子。差额越大，光的频率越高、颜色越偏向短波。

外加电场会改变这些状态的能量。一条谱线实际比较的是上下两个能级：两端若一起升高同样多，颜色几乎不变；原来能量相同的状态若被电场分开，就可能多出几种颜色。每条跃迁能否发光、发出的光怎样偏振，还取决于原子的状态和光的相互作用方式。

证据阅读：J. Stark (1913), Observation of the Separation of Spectral Lines by an Electric Field, Nature 92, 401 J. A. Sherman et al. (2012), High accuracy measure of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock

## 为什么有时随电场变，有时随电场的平方变

理想氢原子的某些激发态原本能量相同。电场可以把它们混合、分开，在相应的近似范围内，分裂大小随电场成正比。这个线性效应是理解早期氢谱的重要起点。

另一些原子态，附近没有这样的等能量伙伴，弱电场的主要影响常随场强的平方变化。把电场反向，能量变化仍朝同一方向。下式描述这个简化情形：能量变化由场强 F 和极化率决定；极化率描述电子分布对电场有多容易响应。这里单独看一个原子态：它与其他态能量不同，内部正负电荷也没有固定的分离方向。公式只取方向无关的响应，详细近似条件列在来源说明里。

$$
\Delta E=-\frac{1}{2}\alpha F^2
$$

证据阅读：J. A. Sherman et al. (2012), High accuracy measure of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock NIST TN 1524, Trapped ions and laser cooling V — quadratic Stark shifts and polarizability

## 把电场变成精密测量工具

现代光钟也要认真对待这种位移。Sherman 等人测量了一条光钟跃迁的静态电场响应，比较的是上下两个能级对电场的反应之差。电极间距和电压要量准；原子所在处若还有杂散电场，扫描曲线的中心就可能偏离零电压。电场不均匀，则不同位置的原子会给出略有差别的颜色。

电场还会混合某些长寿命与短寿命的原子态，改变它们存活多久。这个作用在 Lamb 位移实验中需要防范，在受控光谱实验中又能拿来探测原子。Stark 在 1919 年获奖；同届授奖理由还包括他对沟道射线多普勒效应的研究，那项工作从谱线读出的是发光粒子的运动。

证据阅读：J. A. Sherman et al. (2012), High accuracy measure of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock Lamb and Retherford (1947), original paper scan hosted by the University of Maryland, pp. 241–243 Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 — official award record

## 接着操作模型

下面这些教学 Lab 产生的是模拟数据，和上文讨论的历史观测不是一回事。

- [改变电场，分开不同偏振的氢谱线](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/stark-splitting-spectrometer/)
- [对照没有外场时的氢原子光谱](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/hydrogen-orbitals-spectra/)

## 来源与阅读说明

Stark 1913 年的简报，能读到的是出版方的索引摘要，编写时直接访问被重定向。他对谱线分量和偏振的观测，与后来的微扰理论分开叙述。Sherman 等人的工作提供了二次 Stark 效应的现代独立测量。本文不重建早期底片或电场分布图。二次位移公式采用孤立、非简并、宇称确定且无永久电偶极矩的态，只取标量极化率，忽略张量响应和超精细结构；前述氢原子线性分裂适用另一组近似。

1. [Lamb and Retherford (1947), original paper scan hosted by the University of Maryland, pp. 241–243](https://physics.umd.edu/grt/taj/624b/Lamb1947.pdf)
2. [J. Stark (1913), Observation of the Separation of Spectral Lines by an Electric Field, Nature 92, 401](https://www.nature.com/articles/092401b0)
3. [Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 — official award record](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1919/summary/)
4. [J. A. Sherman et al. (2012), High accuracy measure of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock](https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2766)
5. [NIST TN 1524, Trapped ions and laser cooling V — quadratic Stark shifts and polarizability](https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/TN/nbstechnicalnote1524.pdf)

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