--- title: "走进物质深处，从原子核到基本粒子" description: "一块感光底片、一条弯曲径迹、一堆碰撞事例，怎样让人看见物质内部？沿核物理与粒子物理两条线，读懂实验怎样一步步改变我们对物质的认识。" canonical_url: "https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/" language: "zh-CN" page_type: "story" alternate_languages: en: "https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/nuclear-particle/" last_modified: "2026-10-24" --- 原子核 · 粒子 · 实验发现 # 走进物质深处，从原子核到基本粒子 一块感光底片、一条弯曲径迹、一堆碰撞事例，怎样让人看见物质内部？沿核物理与粒子物理两条线，读懂实验怎样一步步改变我们对物质的认识。 阅读线索示意：看见痕迹之后，还要弄清是什么造成了它。 ## 从原子核读起 放射性 → 中子与加速器 → 核结构 → 恒星里的核反应。 ## 从基本粒子读起 弱衰变 → 对称性检验 → 夸克与相互作用 → 希格斯机制。 探测器这条线把两边接起来。读到“从一张照片发现一种粒子”时，可以先停下来：弯曲方向说明什么，怎样判断粒子往哪走，哪一段能量损失最关键？答案藏在装置里。 ## 动手试试证据背后的物理 每个实验都采用写明假设的教学模型。改变装置或筛选条件，追踪径迹、计数或谱线怎样响应；模型说明中保留近似条件，并标清哪些数据来自模拟。 1. ### [追踪一条衰变时间链](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/decay-chain-counting/) 2. ### [用散射探测电荷分布](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/nuclear-form-factor/) 3. ### [逐层填满核能级](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/nuclear-shell-filling/) 4. ### [从许多粒子对找质量峰](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/particle-collider/) 5. ### [把电子打进质子深处](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/deep-inelastic-scattering/) 6. ### [反转核自旋看衰变方向](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/weak-decay-parity/) 7. ### [追踪会衰变的中性介子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/neutral-kaon-interferometer/) 8. ### [让加速的离子跟上节拍](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/charged-particle/) 接着看贝塔谱、中微子径迹与恒星聚变 [贝塔衰变产物怎样分走能量](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/beta-energy-sharing/) [读懂贝塔谱端点](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/beta-endpoint-mass/) [读取液氩里的电离信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/liquid-argon-tpc/) [沿恒星聚变阶段往前走](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/labs/stellar-fusion-chain/) ## 原子核怎样反应与组织 从一块在黑暗里使底片感光的铀盐出发，追问核反应怎样发生、核子怎样排列，再看这些反应怎样点亮恒星、造出元素。 1. ### [没有晒过太阳的底片为什么黑了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/becquerel-curie-radioactivity/) 一块没晒过太阳的底片，怎样引出了铀射线和新元素的发现？ 2. ### [中子是怎样把自己撞出来的](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/chadwick-neutron-recoils/) 一种自己不留下带电径迹的粒子，人们怎样认出它？ 3. ### [用实验室的质子束打散锂核](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cockcroft-walton-lithium/) 锂靶上的几点闪光，怎样证明人工加速的粒子改造了原子核？ 4. ### [回旋加速器怎样一次次推同一个离子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cyclotron-resonant-acceleration/) 电压并不特别高，怎样把同一个离子推到高得多的能量？ 5. ### [中子慢下来，反应为什么反而多了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fermi-slow-neutron-activation/) 在中子源旁放石蜡，为什么有些样品照过以后反而更活跃？ 6. ### [恒星怎样把核反应变成长久的光](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/bethe-stellar-nuclear-power/) 氢聚变为什么能让恒星亮上几十亿年，而不是一下子烧完？ 7. ### [原子核为什么也有满壳层](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/nuclear-shells-spin-orbit/) 质子或中子凑到某些数目时，原子核为什么格外难拆动？ 8. ### [原子核怎样出现整体转动](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/deformed-nuclei-collective-motion/) 核能谱怎样显出许多核子一起转动，而不只是单个粒子的运动？ 9. ### [电子怎样量出质子的大小](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/hofstadter-nucleon-form-factors/) 散射出去的电子方向，怎样告诉我们质子里面有结构？ 10. ### [把元素的来历带进实验室](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fowler-element-making-rates/) 实验室里测一次核反应，怎样帮助解释恒星能造出哪些元素？ ## 怎样把粒子留下的痕迹读出来 气体、电荷、液滴、银盐颗粒和气泡，把看不见的运动变成可读的痕迹。探测材料不断变化，问题始终具体：它带什么电、往哪走、到底是什么？ 1. ### [Lenard 给阴极射线开了一扇窗](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/lenard-cathode-ray-window/) 真空管里产生的阴极射线，怎样才能拿到空气中研究？ 2. ### [Thomson 从阴极射线里找到共同的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/thomson-electron-charge-mass/) 一根发光的放电管，怎样显出了比原子更小的粒子？ 3. ### [Wilson 让电离留下看得见的路](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wilson-cloud-chamber/) 一个粒子飞过去，为什么会留下一条细细的云？ 4. ### [Bothe 和 Geiger 怎样认出同时发生的两个信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/bothe-coincidence-method/) 两只计数器都响了，怎样判断它们记录的是同一件事？ 5. ### [Blackett 和 Occhialini 让粒子触发自己的照片](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/blackett-counter-controlled-cloud-chamber/) 两只计数器，怎样让难得一见的云室径迹经常出现在照片上？ 6. ### [Cherenkov 追出了蓝光与带电粒子的关系](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cherenkov-light-cone/) 粒子怎样在水中追过光，却没有超过真空光速？ 7. ### [乳胶里一条接一条的径迹显出了 π 介子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/powell-pion-emulsion/) 显微镜下的一串银颗粒，怎样分出了两种不同的粒子？ 8. ### [Glaser 让粒子经过的地方先沸腾](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/glaser-bubble-chamber/) 一杯过热液体，为什么会先沿粒子的路线冒出气泡？ 9. ### [Alvarez 小组从成组径迹中找出短寿命粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/alvarez-resonance-events/) 一个粒子来不及留下径迹就衰变了，还能怎样发现它？ 10. ### [Charpak 把粒子的位置变成电信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/charpak-multiwire-chamber/) 一排细金属丝，怎样让粒子路线不用冲洗照片就能读出来？ ## 粒子、相互作用与对称性 先看一次弱衰变的镜像检验，再把粒子分类、相互作用与对称性逐一放到实验面前。理论给出新的问题，实验回答后，下一道问题又跟着出现。 1. ### [一块铅板怎样认出了正电子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/anderson-positron-lead-plate/) 安德森怎样分清正电子与反向飞来的普通电子？ 2. ### [汤川为什么预言一种中等质量的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/yukawa-meson-range/) 核力作用距离很短，为什么会指向一种新粒子的质量？ 3. ### [对称性怎样帮我们认识粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wigner-symmetry-principles/) 从不同方向、不同速度看同一颗粒子，什么性质应该保持一致？ 4. ### [量子电动力学怎样算准电子的微小修正](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/qed-renormalization/) 一个曾算出无穷大的理论，怎样算准电子磁性的微小变化？ 5. ### [怎样从大量 π 介子里挑出反质子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/chamberlain-antiproton/) 伯克利团队怎样认出极少数带负电的反质子？ 6. ### [吴健雄的钴实验怎样分出了镜像](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wu-parity-experiment/) 电子朝两侧发射得不一样，为什么能检验镜像对称？ 7. ### [规律对称，最低能量状态却可以选边](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/nambu-spontaneous-symmetry/) 方程没有偏爱，系统为什么会自己选定一个状态？ 8. ### [一次稀少的 K 介子衰变怎样打破 CP 对称](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cronin-fitch-kaon-cp/) 长寿命 K 介子束里出现少量双 π 衰变，为什么值得震动整个领域？ 9. ### [夸克怎样整理越来越多的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/gell-mann-quark-classification/) 为什么几种带分数电荷的组成粒子，能解释一大群强子？ 10. ### [电磁作用与弱衰变怎样走到同一理论中](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-unification/) 一个伸得很远，一个只在极短处显现，电磁作用与弱作用为什么能统一？ 11. ### [电子怎样撞见质子里的小成分](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/slac-deep-inelastic-scattering/) SLAC 的散射数据里，哪种现象指向质子内部更小的带电成分？ 12. ### [量子修正怎样让电弱理论接受精密检验](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-quantum-corrections/) 已经能预言 W、Z，电弱理论为什么还需要新的计算方法？ 13. ### [第三代夸克怎样给 CP 破坏留出空间](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/kobayashi-maskawa-generations/) 夸克从两代变成三代，为什么就能出现新的 CP 破坏？ 14. ### [为什么猛烈碰撞里的夸克近乎自由](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/qcd-asymptotic-freedom/) 夸克在质子里结合很紧，为什么短距离碰撞时却像近乎自由？ 15. ### [两组实验遇见同一座窄峰](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/november-revolution-jpsi/) 1974 年的 J 粒子与 ψ 粒子为什么迅速改变了粒子物理？ 16. ### [一个电子、一个缪子，怎样指向 τ 轻子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/perl-tau-missing-energy/) 只有两颗可见粒子，怎样发现来不及留下径迹的 τ 轻子？ 17. ### [W 与 Z 怎样从碰撞碎片中显现](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/ua1-ua2-w-z/) W、Z 来不及留下自己的径迹，UA1 与 UA2 怎样认出它们？ 18. ### [两种质量峰怎样把希格斯场带到眼前](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/higgs-discovery-mass/) 2012 年的新粒子，怎样检验 W、Z 获得质量的机制？ ## 沿发现年代往前走 这里按文章讨论的实验或理论节点排列。获奖年份另列在下方，发现与颁奖常常相隔多年。 1. 1894 [Lenard 给阴极射线开了一扇窗](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/lenard-cathode-ray-window/) 2. 1896 [没有晒过太阳的底片为什么黑了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/becquerel-curie-radioactivity/) 3. 1897 [Thomson 从阴极射线里找到共同的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/thomson-electron-charge-mass/) 4. 1911 [Wilson 让电离留下看得见的路](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wilson-cloud-chamber/) 5. 1925 [Bothe 和 Geiger 怎样认出同时发生的两个信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/bothe-coincidence-method/) 6. 1932 [一块铅板怎样认出了正电子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/anderson-positron-lead-plate/) 7. 1932 [Blackett 和 Occhialini 让粒子触发自己的照片](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/blackett-counter-controlled-cloud-chamber/) 8. 1932 [中子是怎样把自己撞出来的](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/chadwick-neutron-recoils/) 9. 1932 [用实验室的质子束打散锂核](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cockcroft-walton-lithium/) 10. 1932 [回旋加速器怎样一次次推同一个离子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cyclotron-resonant-acceleration/) 11. 1934 [Cherenkov 追出了蓝光与带电粒子的关系](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cherenkov-light-cone/) 12. 1934 [中子慢下来，反应为什么反而多了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fermi-slow-neutron-activation/) 13. 1935 [汤川为什么预言一种中等质量的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/yukawa-meson-range/) 14. 1939 [恒星怎样把核反应变成长久的光](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/bethe-stellar-nuclear-power/) 15. 1939 [对称性怎样帮我们认识粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wigner-symmetry-principles/) 16. 1947 [乳胶里一条接一条的径迹显出了 π 介子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/powell-pion-emulsion/) 17. 1948 [量子电动力学怎样算准电子的微小修正](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/qed-renormalization/) 18. 1949 [原子核为什么也有满壳层](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/nuclear-shells-spin-orbit/) 19. 1952 [Glaser 让粒子经过的地方先沸腾](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/glaser-bubble-chamber/) 20. 1953 [原子核怎样出现整体转动](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/deformed-nuclei-collective-motion/) 21. 1955 [怎样从大量 π 介子里挑出反质子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/chamberlain-antiproton/) 22. 1955 [电子怎样量出质子的大小](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/hofstadter-nucleon-form-factors/) 23. 1957 [把元素的来历带进实验室](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fowler-element-making-rates/) 24. 1957 [吴健雄的钴实验怎样分出了镜像](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wu-parity-experiment/) 25. 1960 [Alvarez 小组从成组径迹中找出短寿命粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/alvarez-resonance-events/) 26. 1961 [规律对称，最低能量状态却可以选边](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/nambu-spontaneous-symmetry/) 27. 1964 [一次稀少的 K 介子衰变怎样打破 CP 对称](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cronin-fitch-kaon-cp/) 28. 1964 [夸克怎样整理越来越多的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/gell-mann-quark-classification/) 29. 1967 [电磁作用与弱衰变怎样走到同一理论中](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-unification/) 30. 1968 [Charpak 把粒子的位置变成电信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/charpak-multiwire-chamber/) 31. 1969 [电子怎样撞见质子里的小成分](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/slac-deep-inelastic-scattering/) 32. 1972 [量子修正怎样让电弱理论接受精密检验](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-quantum-corrections/) 33. 1973 [第三代夸克怎样给 CP 破坏留出空间](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/kobayashi-maskawa-generations/) 34. 1973 [为什么猛烈碰撞里的夸克近乎自由](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/qcd-asymptotic-freedom/) 35. 1974 [两组实验遇见同一座窄峰](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/november-revolution-jpsi/) 36. 1975 [一个电子、一个缪子，怎样指向 τ 轻子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/perl-tau-missing-energy/) 37. 1983 [W 与 Z 怎样从碰撞碎片中显现](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/ua1-ua2-w-z/) 38. 2012 [两种质量峰怎样把希格斯场带到眼前](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/higgs-discovery-mass/) ## 从获奖贡献找到背后的物理 38 篇双语文章，对应 39 个获奖贡献分项。 [1903-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/summary/) [没有晒过太阳的底片为什么黑了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/becquerel-curie-radioactivity/) [1903-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/summary/) [没有晒过太阳的底片为什么黑了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/becquerel-curie-radioactivity/) [1905-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1905/summary/) [Lenard 给阴极射线开了一扇窗](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/lenard-cathode-ray-window/) [1906-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1906/summary/) [Thomson 从阴极射线里找到共同的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/thomson-electron-charge-mass/) [1927-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1927/summary/) [Wilson 让电离留下看得见的路](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wilson-cloud-chamber/) [1935-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/summary/) [中子是怎样把自己撞出来的](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/chadwick-neutron-recoils/) [1936-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/summary/) [一块铅板怎样认出了正电子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/anderson-positron-lead-plate/) [1938-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1938/summary/) [中子慢下来，反应为什么反而多了](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fermi-slow-neutron-activation/) [1939-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1939/summary/) [回旋加速器怎样一次次推同一个离子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cyclotron-resonant-acceleration/) [1948-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1948/summary/) [Blackett 和 Occhialini 让粒子触发自己的照片](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/blackett-counter-controlled-cloud-chamber/) [1949-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1949/summary/) [汤川为什么预言一种中等质量的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/yukawa-meson-range/) [1950-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1950/summary/) [乳胶里一条接一条的径迹显出了 π 介子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/powell-pion-emulsion/) [1951-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1951/summary/) [用实验室的质子束打散锂核](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/cockcroft-walton-lithium/) [1954-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/summary/) [Bothe 和 Geiger 怎样认出同时发生的两个信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/bothe-coincidence-method/) [1957-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/summary/) [吴健雄的钴实验怎样分出了镜像](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wu-parity-experiment/) [1958-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1958/summary/) [Cherenkov 追出了蓝光与带电粒子的关系](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cherenkov-light-cone/) [1959-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1959/summary/) [怎样从大量 π 介子里挑出反质子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/chamberlain-antiproton/) [1960-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1960/summary/) [Glaser 让粒子经过的地方先沸腾](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/glaser-bubble-chamber/) [1961-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1961/summary/) [电子怎样量出质子的大小](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/hofstadter-nucleon-form-factors/) [1963-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1963/summary/) [对称性怎样帮我们认识粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/wigner-symmetry-principles/) [1963-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1963/summary/) [原子核为什么也有满壳层](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/nuclear-shells-spin-orbit/) [1965-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/summary/) [量子电动力学怎样算准电子的微小修正](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/qed-renormalization/) [1967-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1967/summary/) [恒星怎样把核反应变成长久的光](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/bethe-stellar-nuclear-power/) [1968-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1968/summary/) [Alvarez 小组从成组径迹中找出短寿命粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/alvarez-resonance-events/) [1969-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1969/summary/) [夸克怎样整理越来越多的粒子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/gell-mann-quark-classification/) [1975-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1975/summary/) [原子核怎样出现整体转动](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/deformed-nuclei-collective-motion/) [1976-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1976/summary/) [两组实验遇见同一座窄峰](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/november-revolution-jpsi/) [1979-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/summary/) [电磁作用与弱衰变怎样走到同一理论中](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-unification/) [1980-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1980/summary/) [一次稀少的 K 介子衰变怎样打破 CP 对称](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/cronin-fitch-kaon-cp/) [1983-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/summary/) [把元素的来历带进实验室](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/nuclear-particle/fowler-element-making-rates/) [1984-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1984/summary/) [W 与 Z 怎样从碰撞碎片中显现](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/ua1-ua2-w-z/) [1990-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1990/summary/) [电子怎样撞见质子里的小成分](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/slac-deep-inelastic-scattering/) [1992-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1992/summary/) [Charpak 把粒子的位置变成电信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/charpak-multiwire-chamber/) [1995-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1995/summary/) [一个电子、一个缪子，怎样指向 τ 轻子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/perl-tau-missing-energy/) [1999-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1999/summary/) [量子修正怎样让电弱理论接受精密检验](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/electroweak-quantum-corrections/) [2004-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/summary/) [为什么猛烈碰撞里的夸克近乎自由](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/qcd-asymptotic-freedom/) [2008-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2008/summary/) [规律对称，最低能量状态却可以选边](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/nambu-spontaneous-symmetry/) [2008-2](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2008/summary/) [第三代夸克怎样给 CP 破坏留出空间](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/kobayashi-maskawa-generations/) [2013-1](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/summary/) [两种质量峰怎样把希格斯场带到眼前](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/higgs-discovery-mass/) ## 接着读中微子与量子实验 [贝塔衰变看起来丢失的能量](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/beta-decay-missing-energy/) [费米怎样描述贝塔衰变](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/fermi-beta-decay-theory/) [没有带电轻子的弱相互作用](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/gargamelle-neutral-currents/) [用 Z 玻色子数轻中微子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/lep-light-neutrinos/) [后来发现的陶中微子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/donut-tau-neutrino/) [太阳聚变反应与中微子](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/solar-fusion-neutrino-sources/) [用另一种探针看原子核](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/coherent-neutrino-nucleus-scattering/) [中微子探测器怎样把反应变成信号](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/neutrino-detector-measurement-chains/) [量子实验与精密测量](https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/quantum-evidence/)