--- title: "The lead plate that revealed a positron" description: "How did Anderson tell a positive electron from an ordinary electron moving the other way?" canonical_url: "https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/anderson-positron-lead-plate/" language: "en" page_type: "story" alternate_languages: zh-CN: "https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/particle-evidence/anderson-positron-lead-plate/" last_modified: "2026-10-24" --- [Finding a new particle](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/#discoveries) Particles · Experiments · Discovery # The lead plate that revealed a positron How did Anderson tell a positive electron from an ordinary electron moving the other way? Sandbox Physics · 2026-10-24 Nobel contribution: 1936-2 1. Photograph a curved track 2. Compare its bends across lead 3. Find the direction of travel 4. Infer positive charge and a small mass The plate removes energy, so the tighter bend identifies the later part of the flight. ## A photograph with two possible directions In 1932, Carl Anderson was photographing cosmic-ray tracks at Caltech when he found a particle that curved like an electron with the wrong charge. A thin lead plate across the chamber supplied the clue. The particle lost energy in the plate, and the part of its track above the plate bent more sharply. It had travelled upward and carried positive charge. A familiar piece of metal had turned a static photograph into a record with a direction. The direction mattered because a magnetic track has an ambiguity. A negative particle travelling one way follows the same curve as a positive particle travelling the opposite way. A photograph captures the path, with no arrow attached. Before calling the particle new, Anderson needed something beyond the direction of the bend. Sources: [1] [2] ## The cloud chamber made the passage visible The chamber contained vapour poised to condense. A fast charged particle knocked electrons out of gas molecules along its route. Tiny droplets gathered around those ions, and a flash illuminated the resulting line. The droplets marked where the particle had been; they were much larger than the particle itself. A strong magnetic field curved the line enough to measure its radius. A particle with more momentum is harder to turn, so its track has a larger radius in a fixed field. The 3 mm lead plate deliberately slowed passing particles. Compare the two sides of the plate and the direction follows from the loss of momentum: the smaller-radius arc comes afterwards. In the famous photograph the upward-going particle therefore had the sign of charge opposite to an ordinary electron. The plate also made the photograph useful against an obvious alternative. Protons carry positive charge too. Could an ordinary proton have produced the track? At the momentum indicated by the curvature, a proton would move much more slowly than an electron and leave much stronger ionization. Anderson compared the visible track and the energy loss with those expectations. Sources: [1] [2] ## The bend and the droplets answered different questions Imagine two particles with the same unit charge and the same measured momentum. A proton’s much larger mass gives it a lower speed than a light electron-like particle. Slow charged particles at these speeds ionize gas much more strongly, so their visible tracks differ. The chamber therefore provided a second kind of information alongside the magnetic bend. The discovery needed their agreement. The plate introduced its own complications. A particle can scatter while passing through matter, so the track may change direction as well as curvature. The useful comparison is the radius of the arcs on either side, measured away from the disturbance at the crossing. One follows a connected track, establishes which part came later, and then checks whether its ionization and loss of energy fit the proposed mass. This patient reading of a photograph is what allowed a new particle to emerge from an instrument originally built to study cosmic radiation. Sources: [1] [2] ## A light particle with positive charge Anderson’s 1933 paper reported 15 tracks among roughly 1,300 photographs whose positive particles were too light to be protons. With a unit positive charge, their bending and ionization put the mass below twenty electron masses. That is a broad early limit, but it was already decisive against the proton, which is about 1,836 electron masses. The name positron made the central claim explicit: a positive counterpart of the electron. This was careful inference from several properties of one track. Curvature supplied momentum per unit charge. Energy loss helped establish direction and constrained the particle’s speed. Ionization helped distinguish a light, fast particle from a slow heavy one. Each observation answered a different part of the identification problem, so a striking bend could become a physical discovery. Sources: [1] ## The first antiparticle entered the laboratory Dirac’s relativistic electron theory had opened a route to a positive partner of the electron before Anderson’s photograph. The photograph gave that possibility a concrete experimental object. Subsequent pair-production observations connected electrons and positrons, and later measurements established the matching masses. Anderson received the 1936 Nobel Prize for the discovery; the photograph dates from 1932 and the fuller paper from 1933. There is one historical trap in reading the original paper. Anderson initially discussed the particles as products ejected from atomic nuclei. That interpretation belongs to the discovery’s early stage. The lasting result is the identification of a positively charged light particle. The lead plate’s role remains a clear example of experimental design: add one interaction whose effect you understand, and an otherwise ambiguous trace begins to tell a story. Sources: [1] Continue with the physics ## Try the related models ### [Bending a charged track](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/charged-particle/) Reverse the charge and compare the direction of bending. A classical Lorentz-force model connects charge, velocity and magnetic deflection. ## Sources and reading notes 1. [Anderson, The Positive Electron (1933)](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.43.491) The original paper describes 15 positive tracks among 1,300 photographs and the mass limit inferred from ionization and bending. Its nuclear-origin interpretation is historical. 2. [Nobel Foundation, Anderson cloud-chamber photograph](https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/observing/cloud-2.html) Read the 3 mm lead plate as a direction marker: the upward-going particle bends more after losing energy. ## Follow the next question [Particles, detectors and the rules of matter](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/) [Why Yukawa expected a particle between the electron and proton](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/yukawa-meson-range/) [Finding the antiproton among thousands of pions](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/chamberlain-antiproton/) [Two experiments met at the same narrow particle peak](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/november-revolution-jpsi/) [The tau appeared through an electron, a muon and missing energy](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/particle-evidence/perl-tau-missing-energy/)