--- title: "The neutrino world atlas | Sandbox Physics" description: "See where in the world people have hunted neutrinos, with which instruments, and when each piece of evidence came in." canonical_url: "https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/atlas/" language: "en" page_type: "story" alternate_languages: zh-CN: "https://sandboxphysics.com/zh/stories/neutrinos/atlas/" last_modified: "2026-10-27" --- [2026 Nobel Prize in Physics](https://sandboxphysics.com/nobel/2026/physics/) # The neutrino world atlas One particle, a planet full of questions. See where in the world people have hunted neutrinos, with which instruments, and when each piece of evidence came in. Explore the experiments ↓ [1930–2026 evidence timeline →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/#timeline) [How to read the geography →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/global-neutrino-experiment-geography/) 27 experiment records · 21 representative site groups Natural Earth coastlines · no national borders. Markers locate instruments, not every institution or country that contributed. Numbers identify site groups; dots do not measure scientific importance. Each date marks one chosen event: an observation, a publication or the end of an experiment. It is not a construction date or an operating period. A “Historical record” label says nothing about whether the instrument runs today. Every dated statement was checked against its linked source on 15 October 2026. 01 1956 Historical record ## Savannah River North America · Scintillator A reactor experiment detects antineutrinos. Detect the particle · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/reactor-first-detection/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-coincidence/) [Primary source ↗](https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/reines-lecture.pdf) Checked 2026-10-15 02 1962 Historical record ## Brookhaven North America · Tracking / bubble chamber A beam experiment distinguishes muon neutrinos. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/brookhaven-muon-neutrino/) [Primary source ↗](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.36) Checked 2026-10-15 03 1968 Historical record ## Homestake North America · Radiochemical target The first report gives an upper limit below the solar prediction. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/homestake-solar-neutrino-problem/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/solar-neutrino-flux/) [Primary source ↗](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.1205) Checked 2026-10-15 04 1973 Historical record ## Gargamelle · CERN Europe / Caucasus · Tracking / bubble chamber Neutral-current events survive background tests. Identify an interaction · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/gargamelle-neutral-currents/) [Primary source ↗](https://home.cern/science/experiments/gargamelle) Checked 2026-10-15 05 1987 Historical record ## Kamiokande-II Asia · Water A burst from SN 1987A is recorded in water. Study the sky · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/sn1987a-burst/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/supernova-neutrino-burst/) [Primary source ↗](https://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/about/history/) Checked 2026-10-15 06 1987 Historical record ## IMB · Ohio North America · Water An independent instrument records the supernova burst. Study the sky · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/sn1987a-burst/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/supernova-neutrino-burst/) [Primary source ↗](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1494) Checked 2026-10-15 07 1987 Historical record ## Baksan scintillation telescope Europe / Caucasus · Scintillator The 1987 burst is recorded; the cited full report was published in 1988. Study the sky · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/sn1987a-burst/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/supernova-neutrino-burst/) [Primary source ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88%2991651-6) Checked 2026-10-15 07 1990 Historical record ## SAGE · Baksan Europe / Caucasus · Radiochemical target Gallium exposures open the low-energy solar window. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/gallium-low-energy-solar-neutrinos/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/solar-neutrino-flux/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9907113) Checked 2026-10-15 08 1992 Historical record ## GALLEX / GNO · Gran Sasso Europe / Caucasus · Radiochemical target GALLEX reports solar-neutrino capture in gallium. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/gallium-low-energy-solar-neutrinos/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/solar-neutrino-flux/) [Primary source ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92%2991521-A) Checked 2026-10-15 09 1997 Historical record ## Baikal NT-96 Asia · Water The NT-96 analysis reconstructs atmospheric neutrinos. Detect the particle · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/before-icecube-underwater-telescopes/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/icecube-reconstruction/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9705244) Checked 2026-10-15 05 1998 Historical record ## Super-Kamiokande Asia · Water Zenith-angle evidence reveals atmospheric flavor change. Test flavor change · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/super-k-zenith-angle/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/atmospheric-neutrino-zenith/) [Primary source ↗](https://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/about/history/) Checked 2026-10-15 10 2002 Historical record ## SNO · Sudbury North America · Heavy water Heavy water separates electron and total active flux. Test flavor change · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/sno-flavor-transformation/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/solar-neutrino-flux/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0204008) Checked 2026-10-15 11 2002 Historical record ## AMANDA · South Pole Antarctica · Ice A published analysis identifies atmospheric neutrinos in ice. Detect the particle · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/before-icecube-underwater-telescopes/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/icecube-reconstruction/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205109) Checked 2026-10-15 05 2003 Historical record ## KamLAND · Kamioka Asia · Scintillator Reactor disappearance tests the solar oscillation explanation. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/kamland-reactor-oscillations/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-near-far-spectra/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0212021) Checked 2026-10-15 12 2011 Historical record ## Double Chooz Europe / Caucasus · Scintillator A far-detector reactor-disappearance result is submitted. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/reno-double-chooz-independent-mixing-tests/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-near-far-spectra/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6353) Checked 2026-10-15 13 2012 Historical record ## Daya Bay Asia · Scintillator Near and far detectors reveal electron-antineutrino loss. Test flavor change · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/daya-bay-near-far/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-near-far-spectra/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.1669) Checked 2026-10-15 14 2012 Historical record ## RENO · Hanbit Asia · Scintillator An independent near–far experiment reports disappearance. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/reno-double-chooz-independent-mixing-tests/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-near-far-spectra/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.0626) Checked 2026-10-15 11 2013 Historical record ## IceCube · South Pole Antarctica · Ice Evidence for a high-energy cosmic neutrino population is reported. Study the sky · First ideas [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/icecube-2013-evidence/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/icecube-reconstruction/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5238) Checked 2026-10-15 15 2014 Historical record ## T2K · J-PARC source Asia · Water An off-axis beam establishes electron-neutrino appearance. Test flavor change · Interpreting evidence [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/t2k-off-axis-beam-and-appearance/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/long-baseline-cp/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.4750) Checked 2026-10-15 16 2016 Historical record ## NOvA · Ash River far detector North America · Scintillator First appearance results compare with disappearance constraints. Test flavor change · Interpreting evidence [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/nova-appearance-disappearance-and-matter/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/long-baseline-cp/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.05022) Checked 2026-10-15 19 2016 Historical record ## KM3NeT · ARCA Europe / Caucasus · Water A two-site design places ARCA off Sicily and ORCA off Toulon. Study the sky · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/neutrino-telescopes-complementary-sky/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/neutrino-sky-search/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.07459) Checked 2026-10-15 20 2016 Historical record ## KM3NeT · ORCA Europe / Caucasus · Water The ORCA design targets atmospheric-neutrino oscillations in seawater. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/neutrino-telescopes-complementary-sky/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/atmospheric-neutrino-zenith/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.07459) Checked 2026-10-15 17 2019 Historical record ## KATRIN · Karlsruhe Europe / Caucasus · Spectrometer The first direct-mass result uses a beta endpoint. Measure mass · Interpreting evidence [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/katrin-beta-endpoint-neutrino-mass/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/beta-endpoint-mass/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06048) Checked 2026-10-15 08 2020 Historical record ## Borexino · Gran Sasso Europe / Caucasus · Scintillator Evidence for the solar CNO cycle is reported. Study the source · Interpreting evidence [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/borexino-low-background-solar-neutrinos/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/solar-neutrino-flux/) [Primary source ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15115) Checked 2026-10-15 18 2022 Data taking ended ## ANTARES · Mediterranean Europe / Caucasus · Water Data taking ends; analysis continues on the archive. Study the sky · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/neutrino-telescopes-complementary-sky/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/neutrino-sky-search/) [Primary source ↗](https://antares.in2p3.fr/antares-is-now-fully-dismantled/) Checked 2026-10-15 21 2026 Historical record ## JUNO · Jiangmen Asia · Scintillator The first-data publication measures oscillation parameters; it is not a mass-ordering discovery. Test flavor change · Interpreting evidence [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/juno-fine-spectrum-and-mass-ordering/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/reactor-near-far-spectra/) [Primary source ↗](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10538-z) Checked 2026-10-15 03 2026 Historical record ## DUNE · Sanford far site North America · Liquid argon A dated Fermilab fact sheet describes construction, not completed far-detector observations. Test flavor change · Instruments and methods [Read the evidence →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/dune-liquid-argon-and-long-baseline/) [Try the Lab ↗](https://sandboxphysics.com/labs/liquid-argon-tpc/) [Primary source ↗](https://news.fnal.gov/wp-content/uploads/dune_fact_sheet.pdf) Checked 2026-10-15 ## The instrument is only one point in a network. A detector in Antarctica, Japan or Canada is not the work of its host alone. Design, analysis, calibration, computing and funding link institutions on different continents. This map does not divide credit among countries. [IceCube institution network ↗](https://icecube.wisc.edu/collaboration/institutions/) [How collaborations build knowledge →](https://sandboxphysics.com/stories/neutrinos/international-neutrino-collaboration-knowledge/) The selected experiments span different methods and generations; they are not a complete list of facilities. Positions are approximate and show only rough geography. ARCA and ORCA have separate markers because they sit at different sites and ask different questions. Coastline data: Natural Earth 1:110m, public domain. Independent educational collection by Sandbox Physics. [Data terms ↗](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/)